Abstract: Injin Diesel na iya fitar da wuta yayin aiki.Bugu da ƙari, ɗakin konewa da na'urar haɗa sandar crank wanda ke canza wutar lantarki kai tsaye zuwa makamashin injina, dole ne su kasance suna da hanyoyin da suka dace da tsarin don tabbatar da aikinsu, kuma waɗannan hanyoyin da tsarin suna da alaƙa da haɗin kai.Nau'o'i daban-daban da kuma amfani da injinan diesel suna da nau'ikan tsari da tsari daban-daban, amma ayyukansu iri ɗaya ne.Injin dizal ya ƙunshi sassan jiki da hanyoyin haɗin sandar crank, hanyoyin rarraba bawul da tsarin ci da shaye-shaye, samar da mai da tsarin sarrafa saurin gudu, tsarin lubrication, tsarin sanyaya, na'urorin farawa da sauran hanyoyin da tsarin.
1. Abun da ke ciki da kuma bangaren ayyuka na diesel injuna
Injin diesel wani nau'in injin konewa ne na ciki, wanda shine na'urar da ke canza makamashin da ke canza yanayin zafin da ake fitarwa daga konewar mai zuwa makamashin injina.Injin dizal shine ɓangaren wutar lantarki na saitin janareta, gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi crankshaft haɗin haɗin sanda da kayan aikin jiki, tsarin rarraba bawul da tsarin ci da shayewa, tsarin samar da dizal, tsarin lubrication, tsarin sanyaya, da tsarin lantarki.
1. Crankshaft haɗa sanda inji
Domin canza makamashin thermal da aka samu zuwa makamashin injina, ya zama dole a kammala shi ta hanyar hanyar haɗa sandar crankshaft.Wannan tsarin ya ƙunshi abubuwa da yawa kamar pistons, fistan fistan, sanduna masu haɗawa, crankshafts, da ƙafar ƙafa,.Lokacin da man fetur ya ƙone kuma ya ƙone a cikin ɗakin konewa, fadada iskar gas yana haifar da matsa lamba a saman piston, yana tura piston don komawa baya da baya a cikin layi madaidaiciya.Tare da taimakon sandar haɗi, crankshaft yana juyawa don fitar da kayan aiki (load) don yin aiki.
2. Kungiyar jiki
Abubuwan da ke jikin jiki sun haɗa da shingen Silinda, kan Silinda, da crankcase.Yana da matrix matrix na daban-daban inji tsarin a dizal injuna, kuma da yawa sassa na shi aka gyara na dizal engine crank da a haɗa sanda inji, bawul rarraba hanyoyin da ci da shaye tsarin, man fetur da kuma gudun kula da tsarin, lubrication tsarin, da kuma sanyaya. tsarin.Misali, kan Silinda da kambin piston tare suna samar da sararin samaniyar konewa, kuma an jera sassa da yawa, magudanan shaye-shaye, da hanyoyin mai.
3. Tsarin rarraba bawul
Domin na'urar ta ci gaba da jujjuya makamashin zafi zuwa makamashin injina, dole ne kuma a sanye ta da jerin hanyoyin rarraba iska don tabbatar da shan iska akai-akai da fitar da iskar gas mai ƙonewa.
Jirgin bawul ɗin ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar bawul (bawul ɗin ci, bawul ɗin shayewa, jagorar bawul, wurin zama, da bawul spring, da dai sauransu) da ƙungiyar watsawa (tappet, tappet, rocker arm, rocker shaft, camshaft, da kayan lokaci). , da sauransu).Aikin jirgin kasa na bawul shine budewa da rufe bawul din ci da shaye-shaye bisa ga wasu bukatu, shayar da iskar gas a cikin silinda, da shakar iska mai kyau, yana tabbatar da ingantaccen iskar injunan diesel.
4. Tsarin man fetur
Dole ne makamashin thermal ya samar da wani adadin man fetur, wanda aka aika a cikin ɗakin konewa kuma a hade shi da iska don samar da zafi.Don haka, dole ne a sami tsarin mai.
Aikin na’urar samar da man dizal ita ce ta zuba wani adadin dizal a cikin dakin konewar a wani matsatsi na wani lokaci, sannan a hada shi da iska don yin aikin konewa.Ya ƙunshi tankin dizal, famfo mai canja wurin mai, tace diesel, famfo allurar mai (famfo mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi), allurar mai, mai sarrafa sauri, da sauransu.
5. Tsarin sanyaya
Domin rage gogayya da asarar injuna dizal da kuma tabbatar da al'ada zafin jiki na daban-daban sassa, dizal engine dole ne su sami tsarin sanyaya.Tsarin sanyaya yakamata ya ƙunshi abubuwa kamar famfo na ruwa, radiator, thermostat, fan, da jaket na ruwa.
6. Tsarin lubrication
Aikin tsarin lubrication shi ne isar da mai zuwa ga juzu'i na sassa daban-daban na motsi na injin dizal, wanda ke taka rawa wajen rage juzu'i, sanyaya, tsarkakewa, rufewa, da rigakafin tsatsa, rage juriya da lalacewa, da ɗaukar nauyi. kawar da zafin da ke haifar da gogayya, ta yadda za a tabbatar da aikin injin diesel na yau da kullun.Yawanci ya ƙunshi famfo mai, tace mai, radiator na mai, bawuloli daban-daban, da hanyoyin lubricating mai.
7. Fara tsarin
Domin fara aikin injin dizal cikin sauri, ana kuma buƙatar na'urar farawa don sarrafa farkon injin dizal.Dangane da hanyoyin farawa daban-daban, abubuwan da aka sanye da na'urar farawa galibi ana farawa ne ta injinan lantarki ko injin huhu.Don saitin janareta mai ƙarfi, ana amfani da matsewar iska don farawa.
2. Ka'idar aiki na injin diesel na bugun jini guda hudu
A cikin tsarin thermal, kawai tsarin fadada na ruwa mai aiki yana da ikon yin aiki, kuma muna buƙatar injin don ci gaba da samar da aikin injiniya, don haka dole ne mu sa ruwa mai aiki ya faɗaɗa akai-akai.Sabili da haka, wajibi ne a yi ƙoƙarin mayar da ruwan aiki zuwa yanayin farko kafin fadadawa.Don haka, injin dizal dole ne ya bi matakai guda huɗu na thermal: ci, matsawa, faɗaɗawa, da shaye-shaye kafin ya koma matsayinsa na farko, wanda zai baiwa injin dizal damar ci gaba da samar da aikin injina.Don haka, waɗannan hanyoyin zafi guda huɗu na sama ana kiran su da sake zagayowar aiki.Idan piston injin dizal ya cika bugun jini guda huɗu kuma ya kammala zagayowar aiki ɗaya, ana kiran injin ɗin injin dizal ɗin bugun bugun jini huɗu.
1. shan shanyewar jiki
Manufar shanyewar shanyewar jiki shine shakar iska mai kyau da kuma shirya don konewar mai.Don cimma ci, ya kamata a samar da bambancin matsa lamba tsakanin ciki da waje na silinda.Sabili da haka, yayin wannan bugun jini, bawul ɗin shaye-shaye yana rufe, bawul ɗin ci yana buɗewa, kuma piston yana motsawa daga tsakiyar matattu zuwa ƙasa matacciyar cibiyar.Ƙarar da ke cikin Silinda sama da fistan a hankali yana faɗaɗa, kuma matsa lamba yana raguwa.Matsin iskar gas a cikin Silinda yana kusan 68-93kPa ƙasa da matsa lamba na yanayi.Karkashin aikin matsa lamba na yanayi, ana tsotse iska mai kyau a cikin silinda ta hanyar bawul ɗin sha.Lokacin da fistan ya isa wurin matattu na ƙasa, bawul ɗin ci yana rufe kuma bugun bugun ya ƙare.
2. Matsi bugun jini
Manufar bugun bugun jini shine ƙara matsa lamba da zafin jiki na iska a cikin silinda, samar da yanayi don ƙone mai.Saboda rufaffiyar ci da shaye-shaye, iskar da ke cikin silinda tana matsawa, kuma matsa lamba da zazzabi kuma suna ƙaruwa daidai.Matsayin haɓaka ya dogara da matakin matsawa, kuma injunan diesel daban-daban na iya samun ɗan bambance-bambance.Lokacin da fistan ya kusanci cibiyar da ta mutu, karfin iska a cikin silinda ya kai (3000-5000) kPa kuma zafin jiki ya kai 500-700 ℃, wanda ya zarce zafin wutar da kansa na diesel.
3. Fadada bugun jini
Lokacin da piston ya kusa ƙarewa, mai allurar mai ya fara allurar dizal a cikin silinda, yana haɗa shi da iska ya zama cakuda mai ƙonewa, nan da nan ya kunna kansa.A wannan lokacin, matsa lamba a cikin Silinda da sauri ya tashi zuwa kusan 6000-9000kPa, kuma yawan zafin jiki ya kai (1800-2200) ℃.Ƙarƙashin matsananciyar zafi da iskar gas mai ƙarfi, piston yana motsawa zuwa tsakiyar matattu kuma yana motsa crankshaft don juyawa, yana yin aiki.Yayin da fistan faɗaɗa iskar gas ke saukowa, matsa lamba a hankali yana raguwa har sai an buɗe bawul ɗin shaye-shaye.
4. Shanyewar shanyewar jiki
4. Shanyewar shanyewar jiki
Manufar shayewar shaye-shaye shine don cire iskar gas daga silinda.Bayan an gama bugun wutar lantarki, iskar gas ɗin da ke cikin Silinda ya zama iskar gas, kuma zafinsa ya faɗi zuwa (800 ~ 900) ℃ kuma matsa lamba ya faɗi zuwa (294 ~ 392) kPa.A wannan lokacin, bawul ɗin shaye-shaye yana buɗewa yayin da bawul ɗin ci ya kasance a rufe, kuma piston yana motsawa daga matattu cibiyar zuwa saman mataccen cibiyar.Karkashin ragowar matsa lamba da bugun piston a cikin silinda, ana fitar da iskar gas a wajen silinda.Lokacin da fistan ya sake isa saman mataccen cibiyar, aikin shaye-shaye ya ƙare.Bayan an kammala aikin shaye-shaye, ƙwanƙwasa mai shayarwa yana rufewa kuma buɗaɗɗen shayarwa ya sake buɗewa, maimaita sake zagayowar gaba kuma yana ci gaba da aiki a waje.
3. Rarrabewa da halaye na injunan diesel
Injin diesel injin konewa ne na ciki wanda ke amfani da dizal a matsayin mai.Injin dizal na cikin injunan kunna wuta ne, wanda galibi ake kira da injunan Diesel bayan babban wanda ya kirkiro su, Diesel.Lokacin da injin dizal ke aiki, yana zana iska daga silinda kuma yana matsawa zuwa babban mataki saboda motsin piston, yana kaiwa babban zafin jiki na 500-700 ℃.Bayan haka, ana fesa man a cikin iska mai zafi a cikin wani nau'i na hazo, a haɗe shi da iska mai zafi don samar da cakuda mai ƙonewa, wanda kai tsaye ya kunna kuma ya ƙone.Ƙarfin da aka saki a lokacin konewa yana aiki a saman saman piston, yana tura shi kuma yana canza shi zuwa aikin injiniya mai jujjuya ta hanyar haɗin haɗin gwiwa da crankshaft.
1. Nau'in injin dizal
(1) Dangane da zagayowar aiki, ana iya raba shi zuwa injunan dizal mai bugun jini guda huɗu.
(2) Dangane da hanyar sanyaya, ana iya raba shi zuwa injunan dizal mai sanyaya ruwa da sanyaya iska.
(3) Dangane da hanyar cin abinci, ana iya raba shi zuwa injunan dizal mai turbocharged da mara turbocharged (na zahiri).
(4) Dangane da saurin, injinan dizal za a iya raba su zuwa babban sauri (sama da 1000 rpm), matsakaicin gudu (300-1000 rpm), da ƙananan sauri (kasa da 300 rpm).
(5) Dangane da ɗakin konawa, ana iya raba injunan dizal zuwa allura kai tsaye, ɗakin swirl, da nau'ikan ɗakin gida.
(6) Dangane da yanayin aikin matsa lamba gas, ana iya raba shi zuwa aiki ɗaya, aiki biyu, da injunan diesel na piston masu adawa.
(7) Dangane da adadin silinda, ana iya raba shi zuwa injunan dizal guda ɗaya da silinda mai yawa.
(8) Dangane da yadda ake amfani da su, ana iya raba su zuwa injunan diesel na ruwa, injinan dizal, injinan dizal na abin hawa, injinan dizal ɗin abin hawa, injinan dizal ɗin injinan noma, injinan dizal ɗin injinan injinan dizal, injin ɗin dizal mai samar da wuta, da injunan dizal ɗin da aka gyara.
(9) Dangane da hanyar samar da man fetur, ana iya raba shi zuwa samar da man fetur mai matsananciyar matsa lamba mai ƙarfi da matsi mai ƙarfi na gama gari na sarrafa allurar mai.
(10) Dangane da tsarin silinda, ana iya raba shi zuwa shirye-shiryen madaidaiciya da nau'ikan V, shirye-shiryen adawa da juna, shirye-shiryen W-dimbin yawa, tsarin taurari, da sauransu.
(11) Dangane da matakin wutar lantarki, ana iya raba shi zuwa ƙananan (200KW), matsakaita (200-1000KW), babba (1000-3000KW), da babba (3000KW da sama).
2. Halayen injunan diesel don samar da wutar lantarki
Na'urorin janareta na diesel suna aiki da injin dizal.Idan aka kwatanta da kayan aikin samar da wutar lantarki na yau da kullun kamar masu samar da wutar lantarki na thermal, injin injin tururi, injin injin injin gas, injin sarrafa makamashin nukiliya, da dai sauransu, suna da halaye na tsari mai sauƙi, ƙarancin ƙarfi, ƙaramin saka hannun jari, ƙaramin sawun ƙafa, ingantaccen thermal, sauƙin farawa. sarrafawa mai sauƙi, hanyoyin aiki masu sauƙi, kulawa mai dacewa da gyaran gyare-gyare, ƙananan farashi mai mahimmanci na haɗuwa da samar da wutar lantarki, da kuma samar da man fetur da ajiya mai dacewa.Yawancin injunan diesel da ake amfani da su don samar da wutar lantarki bambance-bambancen na gaba ɗaya ne ko wasu injunan diesel, waɗanda ke da halaye masu zuwa:
(1) Kafaffen mita da sauri
Ana daidaita mitar wutar AC a 50Hz da 60Hz, don haka saurin saitin janareta zai iya zama 1500 da 1800r/min kawai.Kasar Sin da tsohuwar kasashe masu amfani da karfin Soviet sun fi amfani da 1500r/min, yayin da kasashen Turai da Amurka ke amfani da 1800r/min.
(2) Tsayayyen ƙarfin lantarki
Ƙarfin wutar lantarki na na'urorin janareta na diesel da aka yi amfani da su a kasar Sin shine 400/230V (6.3kV don manyan janareta), tare da mitar 50Hz da ƙarfin wutar lantarki na cos ф= 0.8.
(3) Matsakaicin bambancin wutar lantarki yana da fadi.
Ƙarfin injunan diesel da ake amfani da su don samar da wutar lantarki na iya bambanta daga 0.5kW zuwa 10000kW.Gabaɗaya, ana amfani da injunan diesel da ke da kewayon ƙarfin 12-1500kW azaman tashoshin wutar lantarki ta hannu, tushen wutar lantarki, tushen wutar lantarki na gaggawa, ko tushen wutar lantarki da aka saba amfani da su a karkara.Kafaffen tashoshin wutar lantarki ko na ruwa ana amfani da su azaman tushen wutar lantarki, tare da samar da wutar lantarki na dubun-dubatar kilowatts.
(4) Yana da wani tanadin wuta.
Injin dizal don samar da wutar lantarki gabaɗaya suna aiki a ƙarƙashin bargarar yanayin aiki tare da ƙimar nauyi mai yawa.Ana ƙididdige hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki na gaggawa da madaidaicin gabaɗaya a wutar lantarki na 12h, yayin da ake ƙididdige hanyoyin wutar lantarki da aka saba amfani da su a ci gaba da ci gaba (ikon da ya dace na saitin janareta ya kamata ya cire asarar watsawa da ƙarfin kuzari na injin, kuma ya bar wani takamaiman ƙarfin wuta).
(5) An sanye shi da na'urar sarrafa saurin gudu.
Don tabbatar da daidaiton mitar ƙarfin fitarwa na saitin janareta, ana shigar da na'urorin sarrafa saurin aiki gabaɗaya.Don aiki ɗaya ɗaya da saitin janareta da aka haɗa grid, ana shigar da na'urorin daidaita saurin gudu.
(6)Yana da kariya da ayyukan sarrafa kansa.
Taƙaice:
(7)Saboda babban amfani da injinan dizal don samar da wutar lantarki kasancewa a matsayin tushen wutar lantarki, hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki ta hannu, da sauran hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki, buƙatun kasuwa yana ƙaruwa kowace shekara.Ginin cibiyar sadarwa ta Jiha ya samu gagarumar nasara, kuma samar da wutar lantarki ya kai ga cimma nasara a fadin kasar baki daya.A cikin wannan yanayi, aikace-aikacen injinan dizal don samar da wutar lantarki a kasuwannin kasar Sin yana da iyaka, amma har yanzu suna da matukar muhimmanci ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin kasa.Tare da ci gaba da haɓaka fasahar masana'antu, fasahar sarrafawa ta atomatik, fasahar lantarki, da fasahar kera kayan haɗin gwiwa a duk duniya.Injin dizal don samar da wutar lantarki suna haɓakawa zuwa ƙaranci, babban ƙarfi, ƙarancin amfani da mai, ƙarancin hayaƙi, ƙaramar hayaniya, da hankali.Ci gaba da ci gaba da sabunta fasahohin da ke da alaƙa sun inganta ƙarfin garantin samar da wutar lantarki da matakin fasaha na injunan diesel don samar da wutar lantarki, wanda zai haɓaka ci gaba da haɓaka cikakken ƙarfin garantin samar da wutar lantarki a fagage daban-daban.
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Lokacin aikawa: Afrilu-02-2024